Comparing Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Texts - Essay Example The ways in which language is employed to discover its subjective and illusionary nature is different when employed in poetry, plays or novels. Time and intended audience also become factors in how authors choose to explore this element of language. By comparing the use of language in Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 and Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author -- both intended for mature, educated audiences -- to the more modern novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J.K. Rowling intended for a less mature, less educated audience, it is possible to see how truth is questioned through language. Shakespeare’s tone in Sonnet 18 is playful and ironic as he subtly pokes fun at the Romantic language that was then informing literature. He uses formalized constructions to build up an idealized sense of his female character consistent with the concepts considered important by the Romantics, â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day, / Thou art more lovely and more temp erate† (Shakespeare, 1969: 1456/1-2). However, he never actually tells his audience anything about this person. All the audience is permitted to know about her is that she exists, even if only in Shakespeare's mind. This levity within the very formalized, academic poetic world was out of step with his contemporaries. Despite the levity, Shakespeare used a very formalized style, informed by the newly introduced Italian sonnet style but with a twist. Shakespeare sticks to the 14 line structure and the iambic pentameter expected for a sonnet, but he follows his own rhyme scheme that blends more comfortably with the English language (Furniss & Bach, 2007: 579, 581, 593). This scheme follows an abab cdcd efef gg pattern. It gave him greater flexibility in matching the rhyme. Even then, he found it necessary to stretch the rhyme a bit, as in lines 9-12: â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade, / Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; / Nor shall death brag thou wan der’st in his shade, / When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.† Combined with the relaxed approach taken by his tone, the formal structure of the poem makes it difficult for a modern audience to understand the joke. Through his use of language, Shakespeare brings his subject down from Romantic idealism to the everyday world of the common man. While Shakespeare mentions that â€Å"Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, / And often is his gold complexion dimmed;† (5-6), giving the scene a sense of beauty, he keeps his subject on the level of the real by adding the twist of providing his readers with a description befitting just about any woman. Through tone, style and poetic devices such as imagery, Shakespeare manages to poke some fun at the traditional academic approach to poetry by bringing in more common language usage. Shakespeare’s woman, because of his tone, style and poetic devices, flashes in our minds as a woman of high quality, sub stance and perhaps even nobility, but still a living, breathing, human woman. In the same way that Shakespeare uses figurative language to both expose and hide his female subject, Pirandello uses meta-theatre to both expose and hide his characters in Six Characters in Search of an Author. From the beginning, it seems these characters are fully exposed to the audience. There are specific stage directions provided ensuring that the audience is aware there are no theatrical tricks being employed. Directions at the opening of Act I specify the stage should be "half dark, and empty, so that from the beginning the public may have the impression of an impromptu performance." The Characters begin to demonstrate their

Intimacy & Interiority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intimacy & Interiority - Essay Example This blend is what makes the narrative unpredictable and full of suspense. Sometimes, these characters which are of paranormal and unknown existence tend to make themselves more real in the readers eyes, than fictional characters of novels from various other genres because of the attractive combination of paranormal beings in bizarre settings such as dungeons, eerie forests, labyrinths, crypts and catacombs, and even sinister ruins and evil omens that erupt mysterious events. In this paper we would be discussing two stories from Gothic Literature, and attempt to shed light on the nature and intimacy within the narrative. The first is a short story titled â€Å"The Damned Things† (1898) by Ambrose Bierce and the second being ‘The Willows’ (1907) by Algernon Blackwood. The paper attempts to investigate how and why the untamed Gothic relies on intimacy to suit its needs 2 The human mind accepts only what is sees and perceives as reality whereas in the story of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œThe Damned Thing’, a paranormal existence is brought to light. Human beings are trained to shut away what they cannot see and cannot hear as it being non-existent. However, this story drives the reader to that level of terror to believe that the character Morgan is being tormented by something dreadful that he cannot see or hear, but which does exist. The story starts out with the protagonist Hugh Morgan being dead lying on a table with eight people surrounding it, conducting an inquest into the matter of his death. William Harker is a fictional writer, who is the only witness to Morgan’s death. Thus he is called in to relay his account of what he saw that night while he was with Morgan in the place with the wild oats. Hugh Morgan had been a victim of torture at the hands of something that he knows exists and feels but cannot see. He is scared and even considers himself going mad as he is torn between what his mind and senses are feeling and what is considered reality . The line between his reality and the ones of the normal world blurs into oblivion and that is when he decides to get the help of William Harker. The Gothic seems to be of a silent nature when Morgan speaks about it in his journal. He experiences its closeness in many instances but is never harmed. Initially, the Gothic is a mere shadow passing far away from the realms of Morgan’s house but still close enough for his dog to sense it. The dog barks and goes in circles when the Gothic passes and finally hides in the bushes until it leaves. The way the journal entry 3 is written suggests that this was not the first time that they encountered the Gothic. The first example of intimacy between the Gothic and the protagonist seems to take place on the previous night of Morgan’s journal entry, on Sept.2. He writes about how he stared into the night sky and was admiring the stars ‘above the crest of the ridge east of the house’ (Bierce, 1898) when his vision of th em was blurred and almost blotted out by something that seemed to pass between him and the stars. He could feel it and experience it but could not see it. The next entry of the Gothic suggested that it was more tangible as the intimacy with the protagonist increased, making its presence felt by way of fresh ‘footprints.’ (Bierce, 1898) According to him, the more encounters he experienced, the more closer the Gothic drew towards the real Morgan. The next two entries in his journal suggest that he is tortured by the presence of the Gothic not

Technology and the Environment Essay Example for Free

Technology and the Environment Essay With the development of Computers and information technology came talk of a new environmentally friendly era. The need to create and store documents on paper would be gone, along with the need to travel from city to city to conduct business meetings. The developers of computers sold Government Originations and Corporate America on these cost saving concepts. The promises made by computer developers proved to be somewhat true, especially given the wide spread deployment and use of Internet and email. Although computers have succeeded in reducing paper consumption, time, and fuel wasted while traveling they have managed to create some other waste management disasters. E-Waste is a new phrase that has been coined in the last few years. The term refers to the massive amounts of electronic waste that is being generated by ageing computer equipment being sent to disposal facilities and landfills each year. According to the National Safety Council, more than 150 million used PCs are sitting idle in storage in the United States with an additional 315 million computers that will need to be recycled or scrapped in 2004. The manufacturing of computers has transformed life in the second half of the 20th century. This also leads to rapid product obsolescence and lack of focus on environmental and social impacts of expanding production. The average computer platform now has a life span of about two years; hardware and software companies constantly generate new programs that demand more speed, memory and power. It is usually cheaper and more convenient to buy a new machine for the newer software than it is to upgrade the old machines. Disposing of e-waste in a landfill may seem harmless but in reality it is very dangerous to water supplies, plant life and humans in the surrounding areas. Electronic computer equipment is a complicated assembly of more than 1,000 materials, many of which are highly toxic, for example chlorinated and brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic metals, photo-active and biologically active materials, acids, plastics and plastic additives. Health impacts of the mixtures and material combinations in the products are unknown. The production of semiconductors, printed circuit boards, disk drives and monitors use very hazardous chemicals, and workers in chip  manufacturing are reporting cancer and birth defects. New evidence shows that computer-recycling employees have high levels of dangerous chemicals in their blood. The list of toxic components in computers also includes lead and cadmium in computer circuit boards, lead oxide and barium in computer monitors cathode ray tubes, mercury in switches and flat screens, and brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards, cables and plastic casing. Considering the fact that landfills leak and even the best are not completely secure they will eventually allow a certain amount of chemical and metal leakage into the surrounding environment. The Environmental Protection Agency is just now beginning to recognize that these problems do exist and are creating new laws and regulations to correct disposal of e-waste. Several states are now adopting disposal programs, and some are even designating sites where consumers as well a businesses will be able to dispose of their unwanted computers without fees. These government programs as well as independent companies trying to recapture IT assets are proving successful. Although computers are responsible for a large increase in the amount of waste generated they have also been responsible for a significant decreases in fuel consumption and air pollution. With the rise of the communications era in recent years there is less need to travel. With video conferencing people can now go to a meeting without leaving their home, talk to someone with a cellular phone and do a myriad of other things including work, shop, search and communicate through the World Wide Web. With all this, there is less reliance on cars, which translates into less harmful carbon monoxide emissions. By using these advanced techniques and dealing with waste in a more responsible manor we would reduce air pollution and overfilled landfill sites saving valuable resources along with our invaluable environment. Waste recycling efforts, and utilization of technology hold the key to  solving our waste problems. By using methods such as recycling and responsible manufacturing techniques to reduce waste we would eliminate the need for designated landfill sites and the resulting massive pollution clean up costs. Computers like promised can be the solution, not cause of societies waste problems.

Characteristics Of Mega Events Criminology Essay

Characteristics Of Mega Events Criminology Essay Mega-events, such as the Olympics, are highly prized by national and civic planners, and simultaneously hold political, economic and cultural happenings Boyle and Haggerty, 2009. They are global spectacles, used by nations to impact directly on urban generation and international standing (Alhert, 2006). Their nature is one that is non-routine, and of limited duration, requiring management of large movements of visitors, co-coordinators, and athletes. Characteristics of mega-events makes them exceptional (Fussey and Coaffee, 2012), demanding organisation and planning that requires significant alteration to the governance of the host city or country. This, and the vulnerability that follows from this, makes them a key target for security practices. The pressures faced by host nations from international committees, such as the International Olympics Committee (hereafter the IOC) plays a significant role on the domestic security arrangements (quote) The appeal of hosting the Olympics is one that invokes inspirational images of athletes competing in idyllic settings (Burbank et al, year). The Summer Olympic Games have been called sport mega-events, because of their scale (Roche, 2009). London 2012 alone saw an extra 260,000 visitors to the capital (The Week, 2012). They are highly visible, deeply symbolic occasions that take place in large cities, combining intensive media coverage with astringent security and surveillance strategies (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009: 257). The exceptional nature of these events requires examination of the threats they face, the worlds counter-terror measures, extensive surveillance technologies, and how these intensified measures are often legitimized in perpetuity as part of the legacy of the games (Coaffee etl, 2011:3314). Further to this, the essay will go on to show how surveillance technologies are subsequently deployed across large swathes of populations, highlighting the prominent point of the public and private sector surveillance. (THIS IS HOW I HAVE ARRANGED THIS ESSAY! WHEN YOU FINISH READING CAN YOU LET ME KNOW IF YOU THINK I SHOULD TALK ABOUT HOW I USED DIFFERENT PHILOSPHERS THEORIES, OR SHALL I JUST KEEP THAT IN THE MAIN BODY?) Traditional Risk Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a shift in national and international threats. Where national borders were considered then to be the primary area to be secured (Quote!), more recently, ballistic missiles have taken a side line to more topical city threats, such as dangerous backpacks on the London Undeground, high-jacked aircrafts and attacks on subways. The way cities are demonised in terrorist rhetoric, for example, means mega-events intersect with a range of complex global processes. ( am I making sense So theres a link between the threats to these cities and then going on to them hosting mega events!) The scale of the Olympics makes them susceptible to these inherent complexities, most notably seen in the terrorist attack on the Israeli national team in the 1972 Munich Olympics. Such events demonstrate to the extremes of societal risks that are observed in their duration. With this said, traditional hazards, such as the adaptation and logistics of mega-events through infrastructure seen in the construction of venues, present external risks, as they alter the urban environment, and have ecological impacts. (Bubank et al, 2002). These risks have moved away from natural hazards towards man-made risks (Beck, 1992), and are ever-present, regardless of political context. New types of Risk Deterritorialization contributes to the global development of the Olympics, which in turn, gives way to global telecommunication, international travel and the migration and passage of goods across borders (Jennings, 2012), all elements that lead to the contagion of risk. This Olympic globalisation has produced a global industry of risk assessment and risk management. In 1996 the Atlanta Olympics saw the Clinton Administration along with his counter-terror team anticipate a plan for a hijacked plane being flown into the main stadium (Clarke, 2004). Post 9/11, the climate of insecurity (Yu et al. 2009: 392) has affected security planning further, and games that are perceived to display a high-risk naturally leads to an advanced security posture, with the planning of London 2012 being the most recent instalment. Some scenarios may seem bizarre and outlandish to a non-security expert (Peter Ryan, 2002), and would be considered unthinkable, for example, UFO invasion on the Olympic Park (Kawash, 1997). For the security officials, considering all scenarios, (check commas please!) however absurd, has now become common practice. The extremity of these scenarios is displayed in the U.S, where most military arguments about the future are an obsession with sci-fi, and a ruined future of a cityscape (Graham, 2010). New innovations, like the Boston Dynamics-built AlphaDog LS ( Rundle, 2012), a robot able to cope with all types of landscapes, reinforce these concerns. The attitude of thinking the unthinkable means even the more extreme precautions are permitted in light of perceived threats. All precautions are seemingly accepted by the public. As technology advances, host nations face growing pressure to meet the challenges presented to them by new forms of security vulnerabilities (Corer, 2012). Cyber-terrorism is one such example of new and growing threats. The 2008 Beijing Olympics was faced with 12 million cyber-attacks per day (Ormsby, 2010). This type of threat to the Olympics illustrates the change in both security and globalisation risks very clearly. Taking note of the 2008 Olympic cyber-attacks, the UK government took on an initiative to introduce new cyber-security plans for the London 2012 games, through IT networks, to help prevent internet crime (Home-Office, 2010). In terms of security risk, there was a conscience effort made to ensure the UK government would not over-regulate and restrict the internet. Further to this, the proliferation of real-time risk management technology, an innovation developed from previous games in Athens and Salt Lake City (Quote) into the 2012 Olympics, demonstrated how the UK con sciously put international efforts in the heart of strategies improving cyber security (Ashford, 2012), which is evidence of a consideration of the globalisation risks and effects. Foucaults position on governance, one generated from the governed rather than imposed by the government ( year)) was seen to reconceptualise the role of government. The Cabinet Office Minister Francis Maude (2012) quoted that the internet has flourished because it has been shaped by its users, not by governments, with this said, focus should be mainly on the network structure of the internet, where the information-sharing groups collectively form a basis for governance (Beresford, 2003). Conceptually, management of these network structures and sharing-groups which lead to cyber terrorism should focus on deterrence, rather than punishment; once the attack has occurred, no legal punishment will suffice. In short, punishment achieves little, and the impacts of cyber terrorist attacks are much worse, due to the difficulty in stopping viruses spreading around the globe. Again, this is a risk born from the effects of globalisation. Counter Terrorism Threats to mega-events are present in different forms, seen in a diverse range of groups that target them. Right-wing extremists were charged with the intent to cause explosions around the Olympic site in Sydney 2000, and ethno-nationalists who attacked the power supply to the opening ceremony in Barcelona 1992 (Fussey and Coaffe, 2012) are just two examples of threats to mega-events that embody an atypical nature. The threat of international terrorism at a mega-event was first seen with a series of aircraft hijackings and continuing onto the 1972 Munich Olympics when Palestinian Militants Killed 11 Israeli athletes, as previously mentioned. This was the first instance where Olympics and Terrorism were linked in popular consciousness (Cottrell, 2009). It was symbolic, in its demonstration of how terrorism is an eminent threat to all major events internationally. Cities bids for the Olympics have had to demonstrate how well they are able to deal with international terrorism in its many forms. Most recently, the bidding team for London 2012 had to project the citys anti-terrorist resilience before the IOC and international audiences. This practice acts also as insurance in gaining support for large security budgets, estimated to be around US$1.7 billion, in addition to new powers of surveillance and social control. In light of London 2012, UK police and local authorities referred to the hosting of the event as the greatest security challenge that the UK has faced since the Second World War (Graham, 2009). Since 9/11, the war on terror has taken front stage and formed a shadow around the world. The security steps that were taken forward to the London Olympics from Athens 2004 and Bejing 2008 promised to be on an unprecedented scale. Several contextual issues were highlighted about the risk of London 2012 being the site of major terrorist incidents. The recognition of London as a world city has bought it to the forefront of tourism, drawing in visitors and terrorists alike, granted for differing reasons (Ghaffur, 2007) (PLEASE CHECK THIS LINE!). The threat of terrorism to London, and the need for Olympic security, was exhibited in a very short space of time; the debate of security for London 2012 began on July 7th 2005, following the London suicide bombings, just a day after London won the Olympic bid. Londons transport system was overcome by four suicide bombers in an attack that killed 52 people (Guardian, 2010). These events were significant in illustrating the vulnerabilities of London and the Olympics to external threats and contingencies. Further to this, the attacks showed the spatial and temporal displacement of terrorism, where attacks do not need to necessarily take place at the time of the event to cause an impact. One of the more unusual aspects of the international side of sport mega-events is that rather than the more well known international terrorism, many groups that do target events have more local socio-political motives, for example the Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna (Reference ETA, year), contrasting to the more evident international element of the games. Such acts cause instability to the usual global security models used to police these events, (Fussey and Coaffee, 2012). The home-grown radicalism that was blamed for the 7/7 bombings in London can be seen as an example of an act with a local socio-political motive, caused by global issues another effect of globalisation which came to global attention, and had a profound effect on the 2012 Games. Security coming home. The Olympic Games of 2004 were an example of the interaction between surveillance and social control. There was intense monitoring in Athens, which saw interconnected networks of electronic surveillance gadgetry that were web-like, in that it spanned out and was able to expand into the whole city, for example through vehicle tracking devices and motion detectors ( Samatas, 2007)THIS IS MY EXAMPLE TO CLARIFY!These forms of control reflect the idea of Panoptican, from the political philosopher Jeremy Bentham (year) which was later advanced conceptually by Foucault (1997), where he stated that in the contemporary service of social control, the state takes on an all-seeing observation role, probing and monitoring the activities of all citizens. Given the existing level of public and private surveillance in the UK, the superpanoptic approach that was piloted in Athens 2004 was easily integrated into the heart of the 2012 Olympics. London has more public and private CCTV cameras than any other city in the world, and through this, the idea of total surveillance became realistic (Reenie, 2008:4). The 2012 mega-event was a stimulus to the process of totalitarian intrusiveness. (SOUND OK?) Policing has the general role of dealing with disorderly conditions in neighbourhoods, and is present in myriad police strategies, ranging from order maintenance to zero tolerance strategies (Eck Maguire, 2006). The work of the police today is very much influenced by the private sectors and cooperations (Boyle paper) and total-security now becomes part of the spectacle of mega-events. London 2012 saw the Metropolitan Police take conscious measures in ensuring their first steps would be to put technological footprints across London. Advancements in CCTV saw new software that was able to integrate all of Londons CCTV cameras, all able to follow individuals around the city (quote.), putting forward this idea of a surveillance ring (Coaffee, 2004) to allow tracking of the movements of traffic and people. Further to new measures being implemented, such as advanced facial and iris recognition software, able to identify suspects and connect multiple crime scenes (Quote), many public transport vehicles, along with the VIP buses that were used in the London games, had been equipped for the authorities to recognise if drivers were acting erratically, a trend often seen in hijacking. Here, however, lay a fundamental question in what act could be deemed as erratic, and what qualifications personnel should have to make such decisions, and control it. All of this fits well with Foucalts early work on governmentality, and how power only exists when put into action (219) and that it is belonging to institutions rather than the individuals that allow the institutions to function. Put simply, measure to prevent certain behaviour leads to the control of individuals. These technologies (can you tell the ones above?) have been used as a medium to exercise the big-brother state. New machinery that is used allows the incorporation of the police/military apparatus in London, under the pretense of keeping the country safe from terrorism (Morgan, 2008). In keeping with public reassurance, it now does matter too much as to whether or not the security systems actually work, but rather what their proclaimed standards are. Work from Oscar Rays (year) has shown that a large amount of money was spent on equipment in Athens, which did not work. What did work, however, was the aftermath of it being used for surveillance in Greek society. These notions were once again observed in 2012, where governments and security-related interest groups often magnified in the public mind the terrorist threat and climate of fear, all in aid of justifying the use of these control strategies that are used to counter anti-social behaviour and danger from other public spaces, and gain support to introduce identity cards that link citizens to a state held database (Coaffe and Murakmi Wood, 2006: 565). As the Olympics are for a limited period, it is assumed that they are only a temporary security zone, lasting for the duration of the games. This, however, is not the case. As these events are now a recognised target for security threats, society now gives leeway to governments, even if these protections transgress from the constraints that are normally accepted by the citizens, as a result of securtization (Waever, 1995). The London Olympics and its security did not exist in isolation, but in a continuum of the increasing state of security and surveillance. Extra powers the state may acquire are often met with scepticism by citizens, in fear they may become permanent. However, these security measures can be concealed in an object that is seen as the norm for such prestigious events, for example the stadium. IS THIS OK LINKS WITH THE NEXT POINT! The architectural methods of Secure by Design (quote) . They also extend to the outer surrounding areas, where explosives may be hidden; litter boxes and drains (Coaffee, 2010). These methods are far from temporary, but this reconfiguration spreads beyond the time of the event under the title of legacy, where counter-terrorism design features are used to embed security in community areas, thus legacy is often used to legitimate broader and more long-term goals. The advantage of many of these regeneration progammes is that they become a catalyst for the transformations of parts of the city, as was seen in London. The official Olympics website (2012) stated that neglected sections of East London would be redesigned into the East Village, a complex designed to be converted into thousands of affordable homes, a community centre, and grounds for local residents to enjoy sports. THIS BIT IS NOT FINISHED! BUT SO FAR IS IT OK? I AM GOING TO GO ON TO EXPLAIN ABOUT ETHNIC CLEANSING PROGRAMMES. ITS GOOD SO FAR, YEAH. These sort of modifications are not temporaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Military Urbanism- Security Sports have often been linked to the wide discourse of urban growth and regeneration (Schimmel, year!), aiding in a new form of Foucaults Boomerang effect, which has been fuelled by the extending neoliberal globalisation. A form of this affect is the way military and security complexes now try and apply defence-style technologies to the domestic sites of the city. This is mirrored well in light of the Olympics, where high tech security surveillance technology, originally from the battle-field, is now used in mega-events. Military-security complex works in two ways. The first is by implementing direct military-type approaches to security. The failed work of the contractor G4S for London 2012, and the mobilisation of British troops, demonstrated how traditional military approaches will always remain necessary. In this instance, the military were asked to provide an extra 3, 500 troops to guard the London Olympics. These games show that despite new technologies, the Olympic Games continue to appear over-reliant on the armed forces. (Guardian, 2012) The second way is by using the forces of existing military personnel. Working with these approaches does not necessarily mean that one is moving away from the past, ignoring the strength of military practices, but rather adding a contemporary twist to the traditional militaristic and urban transformations (Graham, 2010). These contemporary security strategies work through the blurring of boundaries between military and civilian spheres. With this, there is the entry of military technologies, strategies and logics for the surveillance and control of populations in and around the stadium. London 2012 saw the RAF use drones, carrying laser-guided bombs and missiles, including the Hellfire air-to ground weapons. Urban Militrisation/New Military Urbanism- GLOBALISATION BIT this is keeping with the same subject but globalisation bit. This growing interaction between sports mega events and the military-industry complex also allows analysis to be viewed through the window of globalisation, and marketing. The use of security technologies in mega-events is a multi-billion dollar industry. Lobby groups work hard to convince state leaders into becoming booming homeland security markets, because these markets of technology are growing very rapidly in times of economic decline. These practices allow security companies to pilot and display their exemplary security technologies, in the hope that it will lead to them being transferred into a more routine social environment. This trend was recognised by an analyst for the US-based Security Industry Association: the Olympics not only showcase world-class athletes, they showcase world class security technologies and services from our industry (Bristow, 2008). Israel is one such example. Recognised as the worlds leading participant in the security and surveillance industrial co mplex (Brzezinski, 2004), the countrys long history in dealing with suicide bombers, along with its highly developed and hi-tech economy, gives it the capacity to exploit the climate of fear that surrounds todays major sporting events. With this said, Israels representatives are heavily involved in the planning and facilitation of mega-event security. London 2012 was an example of this as Israeli initiaitves saw aircrafts being used for crowd surveillance, an expertise often used by the Middle Eastern country for population control (Kosmas, 2012). Security companies are not the only organisations that benefit from the Olympics. More international impact is in the form of commercial sponsors, the worlds largest growing form of marketing (IEG Network, 2001). Sponsers are very willing to invest in the games, as they believe the spirit of the spectacle means that spectators are regularly exposed to promotional messages under favourable conditions, where the customers can be relaxed and absorb corporate messages. (Abratt et al, 1987). A by-product of being a sponsor is the ability to temporarily relocate some of the staff to the host nation and allow investments to be made. This is a clear example of globalisation. The paradox here, however, is that once a hallmark is made between the cooperate sponsors and the games, their worldwide officers and staff become targets, which could lead to reluctance to participate. Further to this, the host nations terrorism threat level provides another reason why sponsors may refuse to participate in the events. This causes a massive crossover with countries looking like safe havens of security for a world-wide spectacle. In short, sponsors will be reluctant to participate in events happening anywhere that does not have a high counter-terrorism mechanism. IS THIS ALL OK SO MAYBE SOMEWHERE IN HERE I SHOULD ALSO ADD THAT IS IS THE PRIVATE SECTOR TAKING OVER? WHAT DO YOU THINK?! SO IM TALKING ABOUT SPONSERS HERE AND THE FACT THAT THEY WILL NOT BE WILLING TO PARTICIPATE IN ANYWHERE THEY THINK DOESNT HAVE A HIGH COUNTER TERRORISM MECHANISM! Conclusion NOT COMPLETE AGAIN!! ONLY FIRST PARAGRAPH! Mega-events present a special case for understanding the relationship between large-scale security practices and globalisation. It is an illustration of threats related not only to terrorism, but also to organised crime and political protest (Giuillanotti and Klauser, 2012). Securing the spectacle goes beyond the infrastructure, and into the economic sector, national reputation, and the impact of humans (Coaffee and Johnston, 2007). Cities that host mega-events are now expected to show a strong form of anti-terrorist resilience before international audiences (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009). Long after the event has left, surveillance technologies, urban redevelopment, and other transformations, may all remain in place as security enforced measures that structure, frame, and film everyday social life. Mega-events foster a legacy of knowledge, networks, and habits that have a bearing on the lives of not just those who attend, but the citizens of the city, long after the event. These events also display the invisible and visible security all in one, where the likes of infrastructure have an outward projection of security, through embedded electronic devices, hiding the other form ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.cleansing programmes! I ASSUME THIS BIT NEEDS TO BE FINISHED, HAHA. The line between free speech and human rights. Policing the police might take on a role of citizen duty. If the average citizen can be filmed why can the police not? While CCTV is now an every day norm of British society, what is becoming more common is the use of camera phones and social networking. AND THIS BIT! Each mega-event is part of an extensive process, where by the institutions and officials learn and advice on security lessons to their successors. The new hosts hope to improve on their predecessors and each hope to deliver spectacular security (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009), with this comes militarization and coordination that is needed to extend into time and place.

Rose :: essays research papers

Choices made in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous life. A straight path never leaves speaker with one sole direction on which to travel. Robert Frost’s poem "The Road Not Taken" is about how the choices affect speaker’s life. Frost illustrates speaker to make a difficult decision about choosing one of two equally promising roads to travel on. When speaker comes to a fork road, a decision needs to be made. Both paths are different and choosing the right one will depend on his past experience. It is this way that he chooses to decide where he is going to travel. Throughout this poem, it is obvious that decisions are not easy to make, and each decision will lead him down a different road to travel. In any case however, this poem clearly demonstrates Frost’s belief that it is the road that speaker chooses that makes him who he is. Speaker had two roads to choose from and wonders what would have happened if he had taken the other road. The poem begins with simple sentence, "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood," as the speaker sees two roads before him and obviously he cannot travel on both at the same time. He tries to consider the consequences as he "looked down one as far as I could." However, each road "bent in the undergrowth" as where each road obviously different. It is unclear to him what the consequences would be if he chooses either road. Frost states "And sorry I could not travel both," that shows the point in which speaker will choose only one path in which to travel on. It is always difficult to make a decision, because it is impossible not to wonder what will be missed out. There is a strong sense of wonder before the choice is made because he knows that in one lifetime he cannot travel down on every road. In an attempt to make a decision, the speaker "l ooked down one as far as I could". The road he chooses leads to the unknown choice in life. In the first stanza, the emphasis is on the road that was not traveled, but he cannot â€Å"and be one traveler† on both paths. The speaker has a difficult choice to make and is carefully considering his options, but he must choose one of the roads to travel.

Gattaca The Movie And Discrimination :: essays research papers

In the movie Gattaca the main character Anton was discriminated against because of his gene makeup. Anton never even had a chance in the society in Gattaca because the potential employees of companies were not tested on their skills or knowledge but on their physical and mental possibilities. The same society also used derogatory terms for people like Anton. Just because his parents decided that he would come into the world naturally instead of through gene therapy or alteration. Terms like â€Å"faith birth'; and â€Å"invalid'; were used against Anton. I think gene therapy has it promises, but when used in the fashion as it was used in the Gattaca I think its progress should be carefully monitored. Right now sheep and other animals are being cloned. Soon primates and Humans could be cloned. I think we should further investigate human cloning for research on the parenting process and other physiological experiments that can only be used now on identical twins separated at birth. T hese experiments when used could be used to gain insight on what our genes determine in our personalities. I also think that the achievement of us humans cloning ourselves would be a great achievement for the entire human race such as it was when we landed on the moon in 1969.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie Gattaca they barely showed the moral consequences of the actions. Anton’s father showed more pride in his brother than Anton, but what about Anton making friends, was he doomed to be a social outcast in friendships also? The second rate swimmer so depressed by being second in a race almost committed suicide, what about him? The movie never revealed how poor nations around the world dealt with eventually becoming a nation of an inferior human race. The movie pretty much shows how Hitler’s plan of creating a perfect human race would be like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie does show some positives though. A longer lifetime full of health was promised to all planned pregnancies.

Just How Bad Can Living Under a Totalitarian Government Be Essay

Does the government control everything? Maybe not as much in Canada, however in other societies like Nazi Germany and even in Panem from the book â€Å"The Hunger Games† written by â€Å"Suzanne Collins†, they definitely do. This could also be known as a totalitarian government. These places take to extreme the punishment, violence and unfairness. Although, the government in the Hunger Games is set in a futuristic theme it is still alike to that of Nazi Germany. However, no one has any power to vote in a totalitarian government and they have to obey cretin guidelines and rules such as behaviors, restrictions, education, and lifestyles. If even one of these guidelines were broken you would face severe discipline. â€Å"When I was younger, I scared my mother to death, the things I would blurt out about District 12, about the people who rule our country, Panem, from the far-off city called the Capitol. Eventually I understood this would only lead us to more trouble. So I learned to hold my tongue and to turn my features into an indifferent mask so that no one could ever read my thoughts. † Free speech, we learn, is not a given in Panem. Katniss censors herself because of the fear her mother has of the government. Notice how she has to hide her thoughts and her emotions in District 12 to avoid being a problem to the Capitol. This is very close to the people that lived in Nazi Germany at the time. I’m sure that both Panem’s and Nazi Germany’s people would have to endure life threaten consequences if there government heard of any faulty accusations about them. The Hunger Games is a gladiator type sport, which is punishment for the uprising against the Capitol that happened long ago in the novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†. Why are the Hunger Games so effective, do you think, this is to keep the districts from rebelling again, because just like Nazi Germany, Hitler made sure that no one would stand up against him? He would either through them in jail, put them in a concentration camp, or even kill them on the spot. A great example from this time is when, â€Å"Hitler made all students attend the â€Å"Hitler Youth† Organization until 6:00 pm. Any parents that tried to prevent their kids from attending would no doubt be thrown in jail,† said a grade 10 student living in Germany at the time. â€Å"All I can think is how unjust the whole thing is, the Hunger Games. Why am I hopping around like some trained dog trying to please people I hate? The longer the interview goes on, the more my fury seems to rise to the surface, until I’m literally spitting out answers at him. † As we can see here Katniss (The main character) is being asked questions that she has to lie about to keep herself and her family alive. So Katniss has to hide what she knows: that the Hunger Games are unjust and terrible. Just like many of Germany’s people they could not speak against Hitler or the Nazis in the fear of being hurt or killed, everyone had to keep these dark times to themselves. No doubt this meant that the German Newspaper did not write any opinions against the government. Even on the radios all the advertisements were focused on supporting Hitler and his regime. What’s an Avox? † I ask stupidly. â€Å"Someone who committed a crime. They cut her tongue so she can’t speak,† says Haymitch. She’s probably a traitor of some sort. Not likely you’d know her. † As we see again people that would have rebelled or spoken against their government would face consequences. Hitler moreover would do the same to a traitor or throw them in jail. Surely when Nazis controlled Germany, anyone if not everyone wanted to die as themselves not a product of Hitler. Another excellent quote from Peeta that supports this point, just before Katniss and Peeta enter The Hunger Games, â€Å"I don’t know how to say it exactly. Only†¦I want to die as myself. Does that make any sense? † he asks. I shake my head. How could he die as anyone but himself? â€Å"I don’t want them to change me in there. Turn me into some kind of monster that I’m not. † Just like Nazi Germany no one wanted to change to fit Hitler’s label, what the people wanted to do was try to live a normal life. However in The Hunger Games the people had to kill each other to survive, which brings out another useful quote from â€Å"The Hunger Games†, â€Å"No, when the time comes, I’m sure I’ll kill just like everybody else. I can’t go down without a fight. Only I keep wishing I could think of a way to†¦to show the Capitol they don’t own me. That I’m more than just a piece in their Games,† says Peeta. Like Peeta, the people in Nazi Germany wanted to make a stand against Hitler and the Nazi army but most could not due to the intimidating threats of the Nazi army. Not to forget how did Germany’s people that were not in war have to do instead of serving full time in the military service? They had to build weapons, tanks, guns, planes, and even create deathly rockets; even kids had to help out. Just like Panem and other districts, they had to gather resources from their area to give to the Capitol, this to affected the learning of Panem. Furthermore the kids in Germany not only helped with resources and build weapons; they also trained in what would be there future, warfare. Certainly this made Hitler look outstandingly powerful. We can find out that in The Hunger Games that the Capitol has enough power to make kids do what they want them to do, another example from the novel, â€Å"Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill one another while we watch – this is the Capitol’s way of reminding us how totally we are at their mercy. How little chance we would stand of surviving another rebellion. Whatever words they use, the real message is clear. â€Å"Look how we take your children and sacrifice them and there’s nothing you can do. If you lift a finger, we will destroy every last one of you. Just as we did in District Thirteen. † Katniss is talking about the punishment of the rebellion it was The Hunger Games and the destruction of district 13. To Hitler, succeeding in the role of leading the people in a totalitarian government he suspects absolutely no failures. Threatens to family, life, and friends would require the person to put out there best work efforts to not fail their leader. Yet again we can see another quote from â€Å"The Hunger Games†, â€Å"We both know they have to have a victor. Yes, they have to have a victor. Without a victor, the whole thing would blow up in the Gamemakers’ faces. They’d have failed the Capitol. Might possibly even be executed, slowly and painfully while the cameras broadcast it to every screen in the country. If Peeta and I were both to die, or they thought we were†¦ My fingers fumble with the pouch on my belt, freeing it. Peeta sees it and his hand clamps on my wrist. â€Å"No, I won’t let you. † â€Å"Trust me,† I whisper.  He holds my gaze for a long moment then lets me go. † The Gamemakers are supposed to have at least winner to survive. Katniss figures out how finally to defeat the Gamemakers. To put the blame on the Gamemakers both Katniss and Peeta decide to commit suicide – or at least act like they are committing suicide. At these actions the Gamemakers were forced to declare both of them the winners. The made a fool of the Gamakers because it really showed that they did not have complete control over them. The Capitol is very disappointed in seeing this happen as it also makes them look weak. Furthermore Hitler was not the only person that took the power of leadership, there were many others. People who even date back to the late 1700’s controlled their own government without any say from the people. Leaders like Simon Bolivar in Spain during 1783 – 1830, Joseph Stalin with Stalinism, Corneliu Codreanu a Romania leader which helped Hitler’s government take place, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini the leader of Italy who took sides with Hitler in World War II, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera leader of the â€Å"Spanish Phalanx† just before the time of World War II, and the list can go on and on, because this world is not perfect. In conclusion, we can see that any government like that of Hitler’s or Stalinism are cruel. These types governments are supposed to help out there people but, in the end it causes pain to the people, their families, friends, and even their country and community. People do not get what they deserve in these places such as freedom of speech, religion, and so much more. In the end we are very fortunate to live in a democratic society.